Components of Oracle

When we install oracle then some of the components are installed. The components installed are:

1. Database
2. Instance
3. Client

Don't matter which version and which edition we install, these components are installed in our system. If we install oracle 10g express edition then these three versions are installed. If we install oracle 11g enterprise edition then also these three components are installed. Now let's talk about all components in details:

Database

After installing oracle one database is created by default by installer. If we are installing express editions then "XE" database is created. In the case of enterprise edition "ORCL" database is created. 
Database is divided in two part.

• Logical database
• Physical database

When we install data in database the first data stored in physical database that is data files. The extension of data file is .DBF. When we request for a data or write a query then it will shown in tables that is called logical database. We can also say that, in oracle data are logically stored in table and physically stored in data files.

 

 

Instance

Instance is the way to access database. So, always database is associated with instance. We cant access database without instance. The place where these two components are created is called oracle server. Databases are created in hard disk and the instance is created in RAM.

Client

Using oracle client user :

• can connect to oracle server.
• submit request to oracle server.
• receive response from oracle server.

Various clients are available in marker for communication to oracle server. Some of them are:

• Sql*plus (completely CUI based)
• Toad (GUI)
• Sql developer (GUI)
• Pl/Sql developer (GUI)

Versions of Oracle with features/History of Oracle

Hi friends, once again welcome back to Oracle Gang. Today I am here with new topic “Versions of Oracle with features/History of Oracle”. Today we will discuss all the versions of oracle with what feature introduced in that versions. So let’s start...

Before going on versions of oracle let’s see the some history of oracle. Founded in August 1977 by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, Ed Oates and Bruce Scott, Oracle was initially named after "Project Oracle" a project for one of their clients, the C.I.A, and the company that developed Oracle was dubbed "Systems Development Labs", or SDL.   Although they may not have realized it at the time, these four men would change the history of database management forever.

Oracle release 1 (1978): - In 1978 SDL was renamed Relational Software Inc. (RSI) to market their new database.

Oracle release 2 (1979): - The first commercial RDBMS was built using PDP-11 assembler language. In 1982 there was another change of the company’s name, from RSI to Oracle Systems Corporation so as to match its popular database name.  The current company name comes from a CIA project that Larry Ellison had previously worked on code named “Oracle”.

Oracle release 3 (1983): - The Oracle version 3 was developed in 1983. This version was assembled using C programming language and could run in mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs’ or any hardware with a C compiler. It supported the execution of SQL statements and transactions. This version also included new options of pre-join data to increase Oracle optimization. 
 

Oracle release 4 (1984): - Oracle version 4 included support for reading consistency, which made it much faster than any previous version.  Oracle version 4 also brought us the introduction of the export/import utilities and the report writer, which allows one the ability to create a report based on a query. The main feature introduced in this version are commit and rollback.

Oracle release 5 (1985): - With the introduction of version 5 in 1985, Oracle addressed the increasing use of the internet in business computing.  This version was equipped with the capability to connect clients? Software through a network to a database server.  The Clustering Technology was introduced in this version as well and Oracle became the pioneer using this new concept which would later be known as Oracle Real Application Cluster in version 9i.  Oracle version 5 added some new security features such as auditing, which would help determine who and when someone accessed the database.

Oracle version 5.1 was launched in 1986 and allowed for supporting distributed queries. Later that same year Oracle released SQL*Plus, a tool that offers ad hoc data access and report writing.  1986 also brought the release of SQL*Forms, an application generator and run-time system with facilities for simple application deployment.

Oracle release 6 (1988): - The PL/SQL language came with Oracle version 6 in 1988.  This version 
provided a host of new features including the support of OLTP high-speed systems, hot backup capability and row level locking which locks only the row or rows being used during a writing operation, rather than locking an entire table.  Prior to the hot backup feature, database administrators were required to shut down the database to back it up.  Once the hot backup feature was introduced, DBA’s could do a backup while the database was still online.

Oracle release 7 (1992): - 1992 was a memorable year for Oracle.  The company announced Oracle version 7, which was the culmination of four years of hard work and two years of customer testing before release to market.  This version of Oracle provided a vast array of new features and capabilities in areas such as security, administration, development, and performance. In this version oracle also introduce many useful features like:

• Varchar2 datatype
• Stored procedures
• Functions
• Packages
• Trigger

Oracle release 8 (1997): - The Oracle 8 Database was launched in 1997 and was designed to work with Oracle's network computer (NC). Main features introduced in this version are:

• Table partitioning
• User define datatype
• LOBs (Large Objects): - This is very important feature because before this we can’t store media file like audio, video etc. in database. But after introducing LOBs, Oracle started supporting media file.

Oracle release 8i (1998): - Just one year later Oracle released Oracle 8i which was the first database to support Web technologies such as Java and HTTP.  In 2000 Oracle 8i Parallel Server was working with Linux which eliminated costly downtime. Main features of this version are:

• Hierarchical query
• SQLJ (SQL Java)
• XML

Oracle release 9i (2001): - Oracle Real Application Cluster came with Oracle 9i Database in 2001. This feature provides software for clustering and high availability in Oracle database environments. Main features and query introduced in this version are:

• Insert all & merge commands
• Timestamp datatype
• OLAP features
• ANSI joins
• Case statement

Oracle release 10g (2003): - Although Oracle 9i had only been in the market for two years, Oracle launched version 10g in 2003.  The release of 10g brought us the introduction to Grid Computing technology.  Data centers could now share hardware resources, thus lowering the cost of computing infrastructure. In this version two main features are introduce that are:

• Flashback
• Regular expressions

Oracle release 11g (2011): - Oracle 11g was released on July 11th 2007. This version introduced more features than any other in Oracle history.  This version includes:

• Oracle Database Replay, a tool that captures SQL statements and lets you replay them all in another database to test the changes before you actually apply then on a production database;
• Transaction Management using Log Miner and Flashback Data Archive to get DML statements from redo log files;
• Virtual Column Partitioning;
• Case sensitive passwords;
• Online Patching;
• Parallel Backups on same file using RMAN and many others.

Oracle release 12c (2013): - This is the newest version of oracle. From this version oracle started cloud services. Here c stands for cloud. Some of the main feature introduced in this version are:

• Oracle Database In-Memory
• Oracle Big Data SQL
• Oracle JSON Document Store
• Oracle REST Data Services
• Improvements to Oracle Multitenant
• Advanced Index Compression
• Zone Maps
• Approximate Count Distinct
• Attribute Clustering
• Full Database Caching
• Rapid Home Provisioning

We will know about each feature in details in upcoming post. Till that keep visiting this blog....

 

Overview of Database

Hi friends, I am came with another topic "Overview of Database". Before talking about database we need to understand what is data? Data are facts about the people, place, events etc. Now if we talk about people data then it may people have some name, people living somewhere, people doing something etc.? If talk about place data then place have some name, place have some area, place may have some history etc. If talk about event data then where is the event done or to be done, when is the event done or to be done etc.

Data definition can also be called metadata. Metadata is nothing but it is a data about data. Take an example: - if there is data like given bellow then can you tell me what is abc, what is 40 what is xx, what is male etc.

                                                abc         40         xx      male

No one can tell me that what these all is. But if we define these data like given bellow:

                                    Name               Age     Address           Gender

                                    abc                   40        xx                    male

Now everyone can easily tell that abc is a name, 40 is a age, xx is an address and male is a gender. So name, age, address and gender these all are called metadata or data definition or data about data. These all defining that which type of data are taken here. And abc, 40, xx and male these all are called data.

Now another think is that what is information? If we talk about information then we found that information is nothing but processed data is called information. For example: We already discuss above about data. Now bellow is the example of information.

AP       Male                ?

            Female             ?

TS        Male                ?

            Female             ?

MH      Male                ?

            Female             ?

Above data is called information. Because with the help of above data it is too easy to find that how may male living in AP, how many male in TS etc. These data are called processed data.

Now Came on the Database. A database is nothing but a database is collection of interrelated data typically stored in disk. For example a bank database stores data related to customer, transaction, loans etc. A university database stores data related to students, collage, course etc. A university database can’t store data about student, bank loans etc. That’s why database called collection of interrelated data.

Database are two types: -

• OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)
• OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)

Both OLTP and OLAP are the type of database but OLTP is called as DB (Database) and OLAP is called as DWH (Data Warehouse). This is because in present era organizations maintain these two database. Organizations maintain OLTP for storing day-to-day transections. And it’s for running business. But OLAP is maintain by organizations for analysing business.

Day-to-day operations on database includes:

            C ---> Creation (insertion)

            R ---> Read (Retrieving)

            U ---> Update

            D ---> Delete

Introduction of Database and oracle

Hi friend, today I am gonna to discuss about oracle. But before talking about oracle I wants to discuss that what is oracle? And why oracle? Some of the people say that if I can store data in excel sheet then why use database? In the way to answer of that question, there is many thinks like:

•  Database provide security that is not provided by excel sheet. For accessing database we a client program line sql*plus, PL/SQL developer etc. These all client program needs authentication that help to achieve security.
•  If we using excel sheet then searching is complicated sometime, but in database searching too easy. And we all wants to get an information as fast as possible. For that database is too much helpful.

Now the question is that there is so many database provider/software then why we use oracle? On the way of that:

•  Oracle supports major operating system available in market.
• Highly available
• Highly scalable
• Highly reliable

When we are talking about oracle then some persons told that oracle is a database. But it’s not correct. Actually is a company name who provides so many product/services. For example: 

• There is an OS that is provided by Oracle that is Solaris. 
• Oracle provides a database software like:
• Oracle 8i
• Oracle 9i
• Oracle 10g
• Oracle 11g
• Oracle12c

• Some of the tools provided by oracle is
• Java
• OAF
• ADF
• D2K

• ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. It has some app like 11i R12 etc. 
• DWH stands for Data Ware Houses. Example of this is ODI(Oracle Data Integrator)

Now the question is that what is the oracle 11g/12c? Some of the people say that it is a database. But they wrong. Oracle 10g/11g/12c… is basically a relational database management system software and also supports features of ORDBMS.

How oracle works?

Now it is clear that what is oracle and what is database. We know that for interaction to any one we need a communication way. Like we know that for interaction between hardware and user there is Operating system. Same as that, for interaction between client and database there is two language that is SQL and PL/SQL. And we also know that every language has some structure. Same as here also some structure that called command or query. If wants to communicate (Like insert data, update data, delete data, read data) with oracle we have many query.

Oracle Versions

Oracle Database is available in various versions like:

• Oracle 1
• Oracle 2
• Oracle 3
• Oracle 4
• Oracle 5
• Oracle6
• Oracle 7
• Oracle 8
• Oracle 8i
• Oracle 9i
• Oracle 10g
• Oracle 11g
• Oracle 12c

Here one question arising is that why it has some characters like i, g, c? And what is the meaning of that? These all characters has some special meaning like:

• i -->  Internet
• g -->  Grid
• c -->  Cloud

Oracle Editions
Oracle founds in two editions that is:

• Enterprise Edition: - It supports all features.
• Express Edition: - Doesn’t supports some features like flashback, table partitions etc.

Express edition doesn’t required license. We can download it from oracle official website and use it. But enterprise edition needs a license. So we need to buy it.
For more keep visiting this blog......